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Elaboration (3) ACSSU225

recognising that the chemical properties of a substance, for example its flammability and ability to corrode, will affect its use

Elaboration (1) ACSSU153

identifying a range of common rock types using a key based on observable physical and chemical properties

Elaboration (4) ACSSU185

evaluating and interpreting evidence for evolution, including the fossil record, chemical and anatomical similarities, and geographical distribution of species

Elaboration (1) ACDSEH095

using sources to investigate the fighting at Gallipoli, the difficulties of trench warfare, and the use of tanks, aeroplanes and chemical weapons (gas)

Elaboration (3) ACTDEK032

describing physical and chemical characteristics of soil and their effects on plant growth when producing food and fibre products

ACSBL032

Conduct investigations, including microscopy techniques, real or virtual dissections and chemical analysis, safely, competently and methodically for the collection of valid and reliable data

Factors that affect exchange of materials across membranes include the surface-area-to-volume ratio of the cell, concentration gradients, and the physical and chemical nature of the materials being exchanged

ACSBL052

Photosynthesis is a biochemical process that in plant cells occurs in the chloroplast and that uses light energy to synthesise organic compounds; the overall process can be represented as a balanced chemical equation

ACSBL082

Mutations in genes and chromosomes can result from errors in DNA replication or cell division, or from damage by physical or chemical factors in the environment

ACSCH022

Isotopes of an element have the same electron configuration and possess similar chemical properties but have different physical properties, including variations in nuclear stability

ACSCH029

Chemical bonds are caused by electrostatic attractions that arise because of the sharing or transfer of electrons between participating atoms; the valency is a measure of the number of bonds that an atom can form

ACSCH036

All chemical reactions involve the creation of new substances and associated energy transformations, commonly observable as changes in the temperature of the surroundings and/or the emission of light

ACSCH064

The presence of specific ions in solutions can be identified using analytical techniques based on chemical reactions, including precipitation and acid-base reactions

ACSCH070

Collision theory can be used to explain and predict the effect of concentration, temperature, pressure and surface area on the rate of chemical reactions by considering the structure of the reactants and the energy of particles

ACSCH091

Over time, physical changes and reversible chemical reactions reach a state of dynamic equilibrium in a closed system, with the relative concentrations of products and reactants defining the position of equilibrium

ACSCH099

The relationship between acids and bases in equilibrium systems can be explained using the Brønsted-Lowry model and represented using chemical equations that illustrate the transfer of hydrogen ions

ACSCH114

Conduct investigations, including using organic synthesis methods and collating data from chemical analyses, safely, competently and methodically for the collection of valid and reliable data

ACSCH137

Fuels (for example, biodiesel, ethanol, hydrogen) can be synthesised from organic or inorganic sources using a range of chemical reactions including addition, oxidation and esterification

Elaboration (4) ACSSU225

investigating chemical reactions employed by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the production of substances such as quicklime, plaster, pigments, acids, salts and ethanol (OI.5)

Elaboration (4) ACSSU187

investigating some of the chemical reactions and methods employed by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples to convert toxic plants into edible food products (OI.5)

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