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ACSCH071

The activation energy is the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur and is related to the strength of the existing chemical bonds; the magnitude of the activation energy influences the rate of a chemical reaction

ACSCH089

Chemical systems may be open or closed and include physical changes and chemical reactions which can result in observable changes to the system

ACSCH132

Designing chemical synthesis processes involves constructing reaction pathways that may include more than one chemical reaction

ACSCH090

All physical changes are reversible, whereas only some chemical reactions are reversible

ACSCH045

Select, construct and use appropriate representations, including physical and graphical models of molecules, energy profile diagrams, electron dot diagrams, ionic formulae, chemical formulae, chemical equations and phase descriptors for chemical species …

ACSCH006

Select, construct and use appropriate representations including chemical symbols and formulae, molecular structural formulae, physical and graphical models of structures, chemical equations and thermochemical equations, to communicate conceptual understanding, …

ACSCH104

Oxidation can be modelled as the loss of electrons from a chemical species, and reduction can be modelled as the gain of electrons by a chemical species; these processes can be represented using half-equations

ACSCH138

Molecular manufacturing processes, including protein synthesis, involve the positioning of molecules to facilitate a specific chemical reaction; such methods have the potential to synthesise specialised products (for example, carbon nanotubes, nanorobots, …

ACSCH020

The properties of atoms, including their ability to form chemical bonds, are explained by the arrangement of electrons in the atom and in particular by the stability of the valence electron shell

ACSCH035

Carbon forms hydrocarbon compounds, including alkanes and alkenes, with different chemical properties that are influenced by the nature of the bonding within the molecules

ACSCH068

Varying the conditions present during chemical reactions can affect the rate of the reaction and in some cases the identity of the products

ACSCH069

The rate of chemical reactions can be quantified by measuring the rate of formation of products or the depletion of reactants

ACSCH072

Energy profile diagrams can be used to represent the enthalpy changes and activation energy associated with a chemical reaction

ACSCH092

The reversibility of chemical reactions can be explained by considering the activation energies of the forward and reverse reactions

ACSCH093

The effect of changes of temperature on chemical systems at equilibrium can be explained by considering the enthalpy changes for the forward and reverse reactions

ACSCH094

The effect of changes of concentration and pressure on chemical systems at equilibrium can be explained and predicted by applying collision theory to the forward and reverse reactions

ACSCH098

The strength of acids is explained by the degree of ionisation at equilibrium in aqueous solution, which can be represented with chemical equations and equilibrium constants (Ka)

ACSCH131

Chemical synthesis involves the selection of particular reagents to form a product with specific properties (for example, pharmaceuticals, fuels, cosmetics, cleaning products)

ACSCH133

Designing chemical synthesis processes includes identifying reagents and reaction conditions in order to maximise yield and purity of product

ACSCH134

The yield of a chemical synthesis reaction can be calculated by comparing stoichiometric quantities with actual quantities

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