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ACHAH372

The circumstances of the eruption of AD 79, including Pliny’s account of the eruption of Mt Vesuvius

The background to Cleopatra, including the kingdoms of the Hellenistic world, the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt and the role of Ptolemaic women, the significance of Egypt within the Mediterranean world at the time, Egypt’s relationship with Rome, the significance …

ACHAH193

The nature of power and authority in Athens in 490 BC, including key political concepts (demos, polis, oligarchy, democracy, ostracism); key social groups (Solon’s pentacosiomedimni, hippeis, zeugitae, thetes, slaves, metics and women); and Athenian government, …

ACHAH233

The rivalry between Wu and Shu, Liu Bei’s victory at Ding Jun mountain and the capture of Hanzhong (AD 219), seizure of Jin province on the middle Yangtse by Wu (AD 219); Zhuge Liang’s Southern Expedition and the re-establishment of an alliance between …

ACHAH022

Issues of conservation and preservation of the site/s, including factors which threaten the integrity or survival of the ancient site (for example environmental factors, war, terrorism, pillaging, poverty)

ACHAH047

The historical context of the interpretations and representations of the Battle of Kadesh and why these have changed, for example the importance of the warrior pharaoh ideal in Rameses II’s depiction of events

ACHAH087

The historical context of the interpretations and representations of the Early Christians and why these have changed over time, for example the importance of Constantine’s ‘adoption’ and legalisation of Christianity

ACHAH163

The consolidation of the 18th dynasty in relation to the role and growing status of the Amun cult and Egyptian queens who took the title ‘God’s Wife of Amun’

ACHAH198

Initial campaigns under Cimon to 461BC and their significance for Athenian power internally and externally, including Sparta’s response to the growth of Athenian power

ACHAH200

Athens’ changing foreign policy in 461BC, its alliances with Megara and Thessaly, the First Peloponnesian War, the Athenian Land Empire, and Cimon’s possible recall

ACHAH289

The contribution of scholars and contemporary Egyptian and international historians, for example Champollion’s decipherment of hieroglyphs, and the work of Lepsius, Thomas Young, Gardiner, Cerny and Wilkinson

ACHAH023

The effectiveness/appropriateness of methods used to preserve, conserve and/or reconstruct the site/s, including relevant national or international charters or conventions (for example, UNESCO) and international efforts to protect ancient sites of world …

ACHAH064

The background to Alexander, including the nature of Macedonian kingship and political institutions; the expansion of Macedon under Philip II and the emergence of Macedon as a Mediterranean power; and Alexander’s education, early experiences and accession …

ACHAH183

The development of the Athenian polis, including the transition from monarchic to oligarchic rule; the role of polemarch, basileus, archons, thesmothetae, Areopagus, Ecclesia, and legal structures, for example Draco’s codification of laws

ACHAH192

The chronological and geographical context of Athens in 490 BC, including Cleisthene’s democracy, the Spartan and Persian attempts to interfere in Athenian domestic affairs prior to 490BC, the Athenian response, and the Ionian Revolt

ACHAH231

Cao Cao’s military success at Guandu (AD 200) and his consolidation of power in northern China, the alliance of Sun Quan and Liu Bei, and the Battle of Red Cliffs (AD 208)

ACHAH296

The evidence provided by the Amarna Letters and other sources for Amenhotep III’s foreign policy, including relations with vassals and other kingdoms; the role of diplomacy, including royal correspondence; and diplomatic marriage as an instrument of Egyptian …

ACHAH330

The key archaeological and written sources for the period, for example the writings of Thucydides, The Old Oligarch, Xenophon, Athenian tribute lists, inscriptions, Aristophanes’ plays, Plutarch’s Lives, the remains of fortifications and graves

ACHAH359

The personal background and life of Tacitus, including the Roman Empire under the Flavian Dynasty (Domitian’s ‘reign of terror’, the reign of Trajan, and the role of the Praetorian Guard); and its influence on his writing of The Annals

ACHAH181

The historical and geographical context, including the emergence from the ‘Dark Ages’, the influence of geography on Greek political and economic development; the concept of ‘polis’ (origins of key city-states: Athens, Thebes, Megara, Corinth and Sparta); …

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