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ACSBL056

In animals, the exchange of gases between the internal and external environments of the organism is facilitated by the structure and function of the respiratory system at cell and tissue levels

ACSBL059

In plants, gases are exchanged via stomata and the plant surface; their movement within the plant by diffusion does not involve the plant transport system

ACSBL121

Innate responses in animals target pathogens, including through the inflammation response, which involves the actions of phagocytes, defensins and the complement system

ACSCH089

Chemical systems may be open or closed and include physical changes and chemical reactions which can result in observable changes to the system

ACSPH073

A mechanical system resonates when it is driven at one of its natural frequencies of oscillation; energy is transferred efficiently into systems under these conditions

examine the three cases for solutions of systems of equations – a unique solution, no solution, and infinitely many solutions – and the geometric interpretation of a solution of a system of equations with three variables.

ACSBL058

In animals, the transport of materials within the internal environment for exchange with cells is facilitated by the structure and function of the circulatory system at cell and tissue levels (for example, the structure and function of capillaries)

ACSCH091

Over time, physical changes and reversible chemical reactions reach a state of dynamic equilibrium in a closed system, with the relative concentrations of products and reactants defining the position of equilibrium

ACSPH064

Momentum is a property of moving objects; it is conserved in a closed system and may be transferred from one object to another when a force acts over a time interval

ACHMH205

The global significance of the economic recession of the 1970s for western capitalist economies, including the collapse of the Bretton Woods system and the OPEC Middle East Oil Crisis (1973)

ACSBL123

In vertebrates, immunity may be passive (for example, antibodies gained via the placenta or via antibody serum injection) or active (for example, acquired through actions of the immune system as a result of natural exposure to a pathogen or through the …

ACSPH025

Energy transfers and transformations in mechanical systems (for example, internal and external combustion engines, electric motors) always result in some heat loss to the environment, so that the usable energy is reduced and the system cannot be 100 percent …

ACHAH315

The role of the Agora and the Acropolis in Athenian political life: the workings of Athenian democracy, including the rights and obligations of Athenian citizens, what Athenians thought about their democracy, the citizen assembly, the jury system and …

ACHAH317

The Athenian class system, including relations between different groups in Athenian society (knights, women, slaves and relations between, men and women, young and old, wealthy and poor)

ACHMH026

The significant political, social and constitutional changes brought about by the American Revolution, for example: the separation of powers; treatment of the opponents of the new republic; losses during the war; and the emergence of the Federal syst …

ACHMH197

The changing characteristics of the chosen nation over the period, including political independence and alliances; system of government; political, social and cultural policies; economic growth; and the development of education and technology

ACSBL113

Hormones alter the metabolism of target cells, tissues or organs by increasing or decreasing their activity; in animals, most hormones are produced in endocrine glands as a result of nervous or chemical stimulation, and travel via the circulatory or lymph …

ACSES024

Water’s unique properties, including its boiling point, density in solid and liquid phase, surface tension and its ability to act a solvent, and its abundance at the surface of Earth make it an important component of Earth system processes (for example, …

ACHAH175

The nature and importance of the imperial administration, including the role of the king, the military, the satrapy system, legal structures and laws; taxation; the development of coinage, weights and measures; the importance of communication and transport, …

ACHMH036

The impact of new processes and ideas on economic life, for example: the development of mining; the mechanisation of the textile industry; the rise of the factory system and production lines; the development of a steel-based second Industrial Revolution; …

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