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ACSPH138

Atoms of an element emit and absorb specific wavelengths of light that are unique to that element; this is the basis of spectral analysis

The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom integrates light quanta and atomic energy states to explain the specific wavelengths in the hydrogen spectrum and in the spectra of other simple atoms; the Bohr model enables line spectra to be correlated with atomic …

ACSPH140

On the atomic level, energy and matter exhibit the characteristics of both waves and particles (for example, Young’s double slit experiment is explained with a wave model but produces the same interference pattern when one photon at a time is passed through …

ACSPH141

The Standard Model is based on the premise that all matter in the universe is made up from elementary matter particles called quarks and leptons; quarks experience the strong force, leptons do not

ACSPH142

The Standard Model explains three of the four fundamental forces (strong, weak and electromagnetic forces) in terms of an exchange of force-carrying particles called gauge bosons; each force is mediated by a different type of gauge boson

ACSPH143

Reactions between particles can be represented by simple reaction diagrams

ACSPH144

Lepton number and baryon number are examples of quantities that are conserved in all reactions between particles; conservation laws can be used to support or invalidate proposed reactions

ACSPH145

Variations of reactions can be found by applying symmetry operations to known reactions. These include reversing the direction of the reaction diagram (time reversal symmetry) and replacing all particles with their antiparticles and vice versa (charge …

ACSPH146

High-energy particle accelerators are used to test theories of particle physics including the Standard Model

ACSPH147

The Standard Model is used to describe the evolution of forces and the creation of matter in the Big Bang theory

ACHAH001

Identify links between events to understand the nature and significance of causation, change and continuity over time

ACHAH002

Use historical terms and concepts in appropriate contexts to demonstrate historical knowledge and understanding

ACHAH003

Formulate, test and modify propositions to investigate historical issues

ACHAH004

Frame questions to guide inquiry and develop a coherent research plan for inquiry

ACHAH005

Identify, locate and organise relevant information from a range of primary and secondary sources

ACHAH006

Identify and practise ethical scholarship when conducting research

ACHAH007

Identify the origin, purpose and context of historical sources

ACHAH008

Analyse, interpret and synthesise evidence from different types of sources to develop and sustain a historical argument

ACHAH009

Evaluate the reliability, usefulness and contestability of sources to develop informed judgements that support a historical argument

ACHAH010

Analyse and account for the different perspectives of individuals and groups in the past

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