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ACSPH058

Scientific knowledge can enable scientists to offer valid explanations and make reliable predictions

ACSPH059

Scientific knowledge can be used to develop and evaluate projected economic, social and environmental impacts and to design action for sustainability

ACSPH060

Uniformly accelerated motion is described in terms of relationships between measurable scalar and vector quantities, including displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration

ACSPH061

Representations, including graphs and vectors, and/or equations of motion, can be used qualitatively and quantitatively to describe and predict linear motion

ACSPH062

Vertical motion is analysed by assuming the acceleration due to gravity is constant near Earth’s surface

Newton’s Three Laws of Motion describe the relationship between the force or forces acting on an object, modelled as a point mass, and the motion of the object due to the application of the force or forces

ACSPH064

Momentum is a property of moving objects; it is conserved in a closed system and may be transferred from one object to another when a force acts over a time interval

ACSPH065

Energy is conserved in isolated systems and is transferred from one object to another when a force is applied over a distance; this causes work to be done and changes to kinetic and/or potential energy of objects

ACSPH066

Collisions may be elastic and inelastic; kinetic energy is conserved in elastic collisions

ACSPH067

Waves are periodic oscillations that transfer energy from one point to another

ACSPH068

Longitudinal and transverse waves are distinguished by the relationship between the direction of oscillation relative to the direction of the wave velocity

ACSPH069

Waves may be represented by time and displacement wave diagrams and described in terms of relationships between measurable quantities, including period, amplitude, wavelength, frequency and velocity

ACSPH070

Mechanical waves transfer energy through a medium; mechanical waves may oscillate the medium or oscillate the pressure within the medium

ACSPH071

The mechanical wave model can be used to explain phenomena related to reflection and refraction (for example, echoes, seismic phenomena)

ACSPH072

The superposition of waves in a medium may lead to the formation of standing waves and interference phenomena, including standing waves in pipes and on stretched strings

ACSPH073

A mechanical system resonates when it is driven at one of its natural frequencies of oscillation; energy is transferred efficiently into systems under these conditions

ACSPH074

Light exhibits many wave properties; however, it cannot be modelled as a mechanical wave because it can travel through a vacuum

ACSPH075

A ray model of light may be used to describe reflection, refraction and image formation from lenses and mirrors

ACSPH076

A wave model explains a wide range of light-related phenomena including reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, dispersion, diffraction and interference; a transverse wave model is required to explain polarisation

ACSPH077

The speed of light is finite and many orders of magnitude greater than the speed of mechanical waves (for example, sound and water waves); its intensity decreases in an inverse square relationship with distance from a point source

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