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ACSBL022

The biotic components of an ecosystem transfer and transform energy originating primarily from the sun to produce biomass, and interact with abiotic components to facilitate biogeochemical cycling, including carbon and nitrogen cycling; these interactions …

ACSBL044

Cells require inputs of suitable forms of energy, including light energy or chemical energy in complex molecules, and matter, including gases, simple nutrients, ions, and removal of wastes, to survive

ACSBL052

Photosynthesis is a biochemical process that in plant cells occurs in the chloroplast and that uses light energy to synthesise organic compounds; the overall process can be represented as a balanced chemical equation

ACSBL053

Cellular respiration is a biochemical process that occurs in different locations in the cytosol and mitochondria and metabolises organic compounds, aerobically or anaerobically, to release useable energy in the form of ATP; the overall process can be …

ACSCH018

Atoms can be modelled as a nucleus surrounded by electrons in distinct energy levels, held together by electrostatic forces of attraction between the nucleus and electrons; atoms can be represented using electron shell diagrams (all electron shells or …

ACSCH019

Flame tests and atomic absorption spectroscopy are analytical techniques that can be used to identify elements; these methods rely on electron transfer between atomic energy levels

ACSCH036

All chemical reactions involve the creation of new substances and associated energy transformations, commonly observable as changes in the temperature of the surroundings and/or the emission of light

ACSCH037

Endothermic and exothermic reactions can be explained in terms of the Law of Conservation of Energy and the breaking and reforming of bonds; heat energy released or absorbed can be represented in thermochemical equations

ACSCH038

Fuels, including fossil fuels and biofuels, can be compared in terms of their energy output, suitability for purpose, and the nature of products of combustion

ACSCH045

Select, construct and use appropriate representations, including physical and graphical models of molecules, energy profile diagrams, electron dot diagrams, ionic formulae, chemical formulae, chemical equations and phase descriptors for chemical species …

ACSCH070

Collision theory can be used to explain and predict the effect of concentration, temperature, pressure and surface area on the rate of chemical reactions by considering the structure of the reactants and the energy of particles

ACSCH071

The activation energy is the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur and is related to the strength of the existing chemical bonds; the magnitude of the activation energy influences the rate of a chemical reaction

ACSCH072

Energy profile diagrams can be used to represent the enthalpy changes and activation energy associated with a chemical reaction

ACSCH073

Catalysts, including enzymes and metal nanoparticles, affect the rate of certain reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a reduced activation energy, hence increasing the proportion of collisions that lead to a chemical change

ACSCH105

The ability of an atom to gain or lose electrons can be explained with reference to valence electrons, consideration of energy, and the overall stability of the atom, and can be predicted from the atom’s position in the periodic table

ACSCH109

Fuel cells can use metal nanoparticles as catalysts to improve the efficiency of energy production

ACSCH111

Electrolytic cells use an external electrical potential difference to provide the energy to allow a non-spontaneous redox reaction to occur, and can be used in small-scale and industrial situations

ACSES044

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but can be transformed from one form to another (for example, kinetic, gravitational, thermal, light) and transferred between objects

ACSES045

Processes within and between Earth systems require energy that originates either from the sun or the interior of Earth

ACSES046

Thermal and light energy from the Sun drives important Earth processes including evaporation and photosynthesis

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